{"id":3022,"date":"2021-01-28T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-27T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/?p=3022"},"modified":"2021-01-27T15:25:40","modified_gmt":"2021-01-27T04:25:40","slug":"all-the-lonely-clients","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/2021\/01\/28\/all-the-lonely-clients\/","title":{"rendered":"All The Lonely Clients"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>by Tim Clark<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>\u201cSo many people are shut up tight inside themselves like boxes, yet they would open up, unfolding quite wonderfully, if only you were interested in them.\u201d<\/em><\/p><cite>Sylvia Plath, <em>Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Max* came to see me about some low back pain but it soon became clear the problem was more than just physical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He couldn\u2019t relax on the massage table. If I tried to move his arm or leg for him, the limb would invariably stiffen. He could not relinquish that much control. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He loved to talk during his massages. Not just chitchat but real in-depth conversation about politics, art, music, current affairs, society at large. Talking with Max was intellectually stimulating but, for a bad multitasker like me, pretty exhausting. I sensed that he saw his time on the table as an opportunity to get out all the things he\u2019d had on his mind but had no one to tell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I, on the other hand, was hoping to offer him an opportunity to switch off what seemed to be an over-active mind, to give his nervous system a break from what I thought was hypervigilance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After a treatment one day, I suggested that it might be easier for him to relax if we talked less while he was on the table. We discussed it. He didn\u2019t like the idea. Said he could get all the silence he wanted at home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What I thought I was saying to him was: \u201cThis is how I want to help you.\u201d What I think he had heard was: \u201cShut up.\u201d We said an amiable goodbye but he never came back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That was about five years ago. I was just starting out as a massage therapist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though I can still understand why I said what I said, I look back at my experience with Max with some regret as an opportunity lost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I wish I\u2019d known then what I know now about loneliness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is Loneliness?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Loneliness is \u201cthe discrepancy between a person\u2019s desired and actual social relationships\u201d.<a href=\"#_edn1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is very different to simply \u2018being alone\u2019. We can be alone and be perfectly content with our social relationships. Conversely, we can be surrounded by people and still feel completely cut off, even those who are objectively closest to us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, it\u2019s about our perception of the quality, not quantity, of our relationships. Researchers on loneliness use specific terms like \u2018perceived social isolation\u2019 or \u2018subjective social isolation\u2019 to distinguish it from \u2018objective social isolation\u2019, which simply means not having people around you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I believe Max felt stifled by the silence of living alone but it\u2019s hard to know if he would have openly identified as \u2018lonely\u2019; the social stigma around loneliness is pretty strong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>PD reflection idea: How would you feel if a client admitted to you that they were feeling lonely? What prejudices might come to the surface? Might you want to tell them to stop feeling sorry for themselves and just get out more? Might you move to \u2018rescue\u2019 or even befriend them yourself? What are your attitudes towards loneliness? Do you allow yourself to feel lonely? Where do you think your beliefs about loneliness come from?<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Also, loneliness can be short-term or ongoing. Research suggests that most episodes of loneliness last less than one year but those that last longer tend to last for three years or more.<a href=\"#_edn2\">[2]<\/a> When it\u2019s short-lived, it serves as a healthy motivator for us to re-establish social connections. When it hangs around, it becomes problematic and can lead to serious health problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Is Loneliness Prevalent?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The subjective nature of loneliness makes quantifying it a bit slippery. The stigma around loneliness may lead survey respondents to report not feeling lonely when they do. Still, there are some consistent patterns in the research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of \u2018problematic\u2019 loneliness in Australia was typically estimated at around 25-30%<a href=\"#_edn3\">[3]<\/a><a href=\"#_edn4\">[4]<\/a> and figures from the UK at that time are comparable.<a href=\"#_edn5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A study made during the first wave of COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020 suggested that 54% of Australians felt lonelier during COVID-19, compared with 61% of Britons and 66% of Americans.<a href=\"#_edn6\">[6]<\/a> It remains to be seen how the enforced social isolation of lockdowns will impact loneliness in the long term but, at any given time, we can assume about a quarter of the population is experiencing some degree of loneliness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Who Does Loneliness Affect?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Research has consistently shown that loneliness is particularly widespread among young adults aged 18-25<a href=\"#_edn7\">[7]<\/a> <a href=\"#_edn8\">[8]<\/a> <a href=\"#_edn9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"#_edn10\">[10]<\/a> and least common in those aged over 65. In young people, loneliness is often associated with social anxiety and depression.<a href=\"#_edn11\">[11]<\/a><a href=\"#_edn12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Australia, the groups that are most likely to experience ongoing, problematic loneliness are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Single parents<\/li><li>People with a disability<\/li><li>Carers<\/li><li>Those from low-socio-economic backgrounds<\/li><li>Those with a migrant background<\/li><li>Those from non-english speaking backgrounds.<a href=\"#_edn13\">[13]<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Loneliness Vs Overall Health<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of the most widely researched associated effects of loneliness are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Increased blood pressure<\/li><li>Fragmented sleep<\/li><li>Increased hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical activity (dysfunctional stress response)<\/li><li>Decreased inflammatory control<\/li><li>Diminished immunity<\/li><li>Depressive symptoms<\/li><li>Impaired cognitive performance.<a href=\"#_edn14\">[14]<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Loneliness Breeds Loneliness<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Lonely people can have just as much \u2018social capital\u2019 as non-lonely people, which is to say they can be attractive, wealthy and intelligent. The difference is: they don\u2019t make use of that capital because of what their experience of loneliness has taught them. The more time they spend feeling alienated from people, the less likely they are to seek out new social connections. They become distrustful, expecting to be negatively judged by others, and start to forget that they can actually cope with the challenges that accompany greater social connection.<a href=\"#_edn15\">[15]<\/a> It\u2019s a \u201cself-reinforcing loneliness loop\u201d,<a href=\"#_edn16\">[16]<\/a> and hard to break out of once entrenched.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Can A Massage Therapist Help?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>What could I have done differently if Max had admitted to feeling lonely?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s tricky to posit an evidence-based approach because generally there is inadequate research on the efficacy of interventions for loneliness.<a href=\"#_edn17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also, we\u2019re limited by our scope of practice and our professional ethics. We\u2019re neither counsellors for our clients nor are we their friends but there are some common-sense things we can do to help:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Focus on the things we know massage can help with<\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Though the evidence base isn\u2019t there for massage as a loneliness intervention <em>per se<\/em>, it is there for some of the symptoms, so treat what you know is treatable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Give them an experience of trust<\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Lonely clients won\u2019t trust easily, so a massage can help to remind them that connection and safety can coexist. (I harped on about how we can do this not long ago in <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/2020\/07\/08\/trust-me-im-a-massage-therapist\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this blog post<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Encourage positive health behaviours\u2026carefully<\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Lonely people may not be exposed to the kind of \u2018social control\u2019 that non-lonely people are exposed to, which is to say they might not have people around them to remind them of the things they could be doing to improve their health. It\u2019s tricky, though, because there\u2019s a risk of seeming intrusive or dominating which will only reinforce their resistance to change.<a href=\"#_edn18\">[18]<\/a> Gentle approaches like motivational interviewing could certainly be helpful, especially around basics like good sleep behaviours, diet and exercise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Encourage clients to sustain social connections<\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Motivational approaches might also be useful to help clients consider ways to connect with the local community. Who knows? You might help your client think of something they wouldn\u2019t have thought of on their own. Volunteer work or joining a group whose purpose is not solely \u2018social\u2019 seem to be the most helpful at reducing feelings of loneliness.<a href=\"#_edn19\">[19]<\/a> You might be able to help less mobile clients connect with a local \u2018befriending\u2019 service. Find out what is available in your local area so you can suggest it if the opportunity arises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Be open to a chat, especially about the little things<\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Chatting with your client about the ordinary, day-to-day things they\u2019ve been doing or challenges they\u2019ve been facing can help to give them a sense that they are seen and that they matter, which can have positive flow-on effects for their health.<a href=\"#_edn20\">[20]<\/a> This is especially the case for people who live alone or don\u2019t have someone to debrief with on a regular basis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Be open to shows of appreciation<\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Prominent loneliness researcher John Cacioppo once said:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cJust\u00a0<em>getting<\/em>\u00a0support doesn&#8217;t actually make you feel very good. This is one of the reasons why when we do something for others, we tend to feel good.\u201d<a href=\"#_edn21\">[21]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the massage therapist\/client relationship does not require reciprocity beyond payment, we can still accept gratitude, compliments or even small gifts from our clients without concern that a boundary has been crossed. Of course, we need to remain alert to potential manipulation but there are benefits <em>for the client<\/em> if we can show them that we have received their genuine gratitude and that it makes a positive difference to us.<a href=\"#_edn22\">[22]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Refer for counselling<\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Because self-perpetuating client beliefs are so entwined with feelings of isolation, the best chance lonely people may have to get to the root of their loneliness is through counselling or psychology, where they can bring their beliefs to consciousness, then challenge them.<a href=\"#_edn23\">[23]<\/a> (If you\u2019re unsure about referring for counselling, you might want to read <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/2019\/01\/30\/the-art-of-the-counselling-referral\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this blog post<\/a> from a couple of years back.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>So\u2026<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>If I had my time again with Max, I would put empathy, warmth and <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/2021\/01\/13\/my-clients-are-liars\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">unconditional positive regard<\/a> at the top of my agenda. If he wanted to chat, I would chat. I would be interested. I would notice him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It would leave me dealing with a tension between the quality of my massage and the quality of my interpersonal skills but sometimes we just have to get comfortable with those tensions and trust that our clients will find what they need in their own time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While I may not have been \u2018perfect\u2019 for Max (whatever that means), chances are I\u2019ve already helped other clients with their loneliness without even knowing it. That\u2019s part of the magic of being a massage therapist. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>* not his real name<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Further Reading<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>If you attended the AMT 2020 Virtual Conference, you\u2019ll remember the terrific presentation from Alison Sim on motivational interviewing. Alison recommended Miller and Rollnick\u2019s book, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.booktopia.com.au\/motivational-interviewing-william-r-rollnick-stephen-miller\/book\/9781609182274.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Motivational Interviewing<\/a> (2012), and I notice that Miller and Rollnick (and Butler) also have a book specifically on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.booktopia.com.au\/motivational-interviewing-in-health-care-stephen-rollnick\/book\/9781593856120.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Motivational Interviewing in Health Care<\/a> (2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>About the Author<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Tim-Clark.jpg?resize=174%2C161&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-844\" width=\"174\" height=\"161\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Tim-Clark.jpg?resize=1024%2C956&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Tim-Clark.jpg?resize=300%2C280&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Tim-Clark.jpg?resize=768%2C717&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Tim-Clark.jpg?resize=750%2C700&amp;ssl=1 750w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Tim-Clark.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=174%2C161&amp;ssl=1 522w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 174px) 100vw, 174px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Tim Clark is a massage therapist and psychotherapist in Melbourne. He wrote a great bio for this article but his dog ate it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\">[1]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/276417998_The_Revised_UCLA_Loneliness_Scale_Concurrent_and_discriminate_validity_evidence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Russell D., Peplau L.A., Cutrona C.E. (1980) The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em> <em>39<\/em>(3), 472\u2013480<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/australiainstitute.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/IP9-All-the-lonely-people_4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Baker, D. (2012). All the lonely people: Loneliness in Australia, 2001\u20132009. The Australia Institute.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychology.org.au\/for-members\/publications\/inpsych\/2018\/December-Issue-6\/The-impact-of-loneliness-on-the-health-and-wellbei\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Abbott, J., Lim, M., Eres, R., Long, K., &amp; Mathews, R. (2018).\u00a0The impact of loneliness on the health and wellbeing of Australians.\u00a0InPsych,\u00a040.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/apo.org.au\/sites\/default\/files\/resource-files\/2019-10\/apo-nid261896_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lim, M., Eres, R., &amp; Peck, C. (2019). The young Australian loneliness survey: Understanding loneliness in adolescence and young adulthood.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/wellbeing\/articles\/lonelinesswhatcharacteristicsandcircumstancesareassociatedwithfeelinglonely\/2018-04-10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Office of National Statistics, UK (2018). Loneliness \u2013 What characteristics and circumstances are associated with feeling lonely?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\">[6]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swinburne.edu.au\/media\/swinburneeduau\/research-institutes\/iverson-health\/Loneliness-in-COVID-19-15-07-20_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lim, M., Lambert, G., Thurston, L., Argent, T., Eres, R., Qualter, P., Panayiotou, M., Hennessey, A., Badcock, J., Holt-Lunstad, J. (2020). Survey of Health and Wellbeing \u2013 Monitoring the Impact of COVID-19.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\">[7]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/psychweek.org.au\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Psychology-Week-2018-Australian-Loneliness-Report-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Australian Loneliness Report (2018).<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\">[8]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/wellbeing\/articles\/lonelinesswhatcharacteristicsandcircumstancesareassociatedwithfeelinglonely\/2018-04-10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Office of National Statistics, UK (2018). Loneliness \u2013 What characteristics and circumstances are associated with feeling lonely?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.annfammed.org\/content\/annalsfm\/17\/2\/108.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mullen, R.A., Tong, S., Sabo, R.T., Liaw, W.R., Marshall, J., Nease, D.E., Krist, A.H. &amp; Frey, J.J. (2019). Loneliness in primary care patients: a prevalence study.\u00a0<em>The Annals of Family Medicine<\/em>,\u00a0<em>17<\/em>(2), 108-115.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref10\">[10]<\/a> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239698\" target=\"_blank\">Groarke, J.M., Berry, E., Graham-Wisener, L., McKenna-Plumley, P.E., McGlinchey, E. &amp; Armour, C.(2020) Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID- 19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. <em>PLoS ONE 15<\/em>(9): e0239698.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref11\">[11]<\/a> Australian Loneliness Report (2018) (see 7 for link)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\">[12]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/apo.org.au\/sites\/default\/files\/resource-files\/2019-10\/apo-nid261896_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lim, M., Eres, R., &amp; Peck, C. (2019). The young Australian loneliness survey: Understanding loneliness in adolescence and young adulthood.<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref13\">[13]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.endingloneliness.com.au\/resources\/whitepaper\/ending-loneliness-together-in-australia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ending Loneliness Together (2020). Ending Loneliness Together in Australia.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref14\">[14]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4021390\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cacioppo, J.T. &amp; Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social Relationships and Health: The Toxic Effects of Perceived Social Isolation. <em>Soc Personal Psychol Compass<\/em> <em>8<\/em>(2): 58\u201372. doi:10.1111\/spc3.12087<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\">[15]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10677643\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cacioppo, J.T., Ernst, J.M., Burleson, M.H., McClintock, M.K., Malarkey, W.B., Hawkley, L.C., &#8230; &amp; Berntson, G.G. (2000). Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: The MacArthur social neuroscience studies.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Psychophysiology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>35<\/em>(2-3), 143-154. doi: 10.1016\/S0167-8760(99)00049-5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref16\">[16]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3874845\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hawkley, L. &amp; Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms. <em>Ann Behav Med<\/em> <em>40<\/em>(2). doi: 10.1007\/s12160-010-9210-8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref17\">[17]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26712585\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Courtin, E. &amp; Knapp, M. (2017). Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review. <em>Health and Social Care in the Community 25<\/em>(3), 799\u2013812. doi: 10.1111\/hsc.12311<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref18\">[18]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21673143\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Thoits, P.A. (2011). Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health. <em>Journal of Health and Social Behavior 52<\/em>(2) 145 \u2013161. doi: 10.1177\/0022146510395592<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref19\">[19]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.campaigntoendloneliness.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Promising_Approaches_Revisited_FULL_REPORT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jopling, K. (2020). Promising Approaches Revisited: Effective action on loneliness in later life. Campaign to End Loneliness.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref20\">[20]<\/a> Thoits, P.A. (2011). Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health. <em>Journal of Health and Social Behavior 52<\/em>(2) 145 \u2013161. doi: 10.1177\/0022146510395592 (link at 18)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref21\">[21]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2017\/04\/how-loneliness-begets-loneliness\/521841\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Khazan, O. (2017). How Loneliness Begets Loneliness. The Atlantic.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref22\">[22]<\/a> Thoits, P.A. (2011). Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health. <em>Journal of Health and Social Behavior 52<\/em>(2) 145 \u2013161. doi: 10.1177\/0022146510395592 (link at 18)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref23\">[23]<\/a> Hawkley, L. &amp; Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms. <em>Ann Behav Med<\/em> <em>40<\/em>(2). doi: 10.1007\/s12160-010-9210-8 (link at 16)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How can a massage therapist possibly help with loneliness? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3028,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,110],"tags":[712,540,711,104,47,10,713,217,707],"class_list":["post-3022","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amt","category-clinical-practice","tag-alone","tag-loneliness","tag-lonely","tag-massage","tag-massage-therapist","tag-massage-therapy","tag-motivational-interviewing","tag-tim-clark","tag-unconditional-positive-regard"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot-2021-01-27-151724.jpg?fit=833%2C581&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":898,"url":"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/2018\/07\/05\/pleasure-is-not-a-dirty-word\/","url_meta":{"origin":3022,"position":0},"title":"Pleasure Is Not A Dirty Word","author":"admin","date":"05\/07\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Use the words \u2018pleasure\u2019 and \u2018massage\u2019 in the same sentence and watch the eyebrows go up. 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What was your favourite?","rel":"","context":"In &quot;AMT&quot;","block_context":{"text":"AMT","link":"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/category\/amt\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Best-of-2018.png?fit=560%2C315&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Best-of-2018.png?fit=560%2C315&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Best-of-2018.png?fit=560%2C315&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1034,"url":"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/2018\/08\/29\/the-challenge-of-ethics\/","url_meta":{"origin":3022,"position":2},"title":"The Challenge of Ethics","author":"admin","date":"29\/08\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"How do massage therapists make decisions about their treatments? Are they relying on the policies, procedures, Code of Practice and the governing laws? Or are they going on their gut instinct? Tim Clark guides us through the world of ethics ahead of his appearance at the 2018 AMT National Conference\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;AMT Conference&quot;","block_context":{"text":"AMT Conference","link":"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/category\/amt-conference\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/doors-1767564_1920.png?fit=1200%2C640&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/doors-1767564_1920.png?fit=1200%2C640&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/doors-1767564_1920.png?fit=1200%2C640&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/doors-1767564_1920.png?fit=1200%2C640&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/doors-1767564_1920.png?fit=1200%2C640&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2213,"url":"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/2019\/12\/05\/top-7-articles-of-2019\/","url_meta":{"origin":3022,"position":3},"title":"TOP 7 ARTICLES OF 2019","author":"admin","date":"05\/12\/2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Revisit 7 of the best articles we've featured on AMT's blog in 2019. Which was your favourite?","rel":"","context":"In &quot;AMT&quot;","block_context":{"text":"AMT","link":"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/category\/amt\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/top.jpg?fit=953%2C454&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/top.jpg?fit=953%2C454&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/top.jpg?fit=953%2C454&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.amt.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/top.jpg?fit=953%2C454&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":775,"url":"https:\/\/blog.amt.org.au\/index.php\/2018\/05\/16\/the-importance-of-self-awareness\/","url_meta":{"origin":3022,"position":4},"title":"The Importance of Self-Awareness","author":"admin","date":"16\/05\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"How well do we really know ourselves? Do massage therapists treat with bias and prejudice? 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